{"id":15442,"date":"2024-09-22T10:16:13","date_gmt":"2024-09-22T06:46:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/?p=15442"},"modified":"2024-12-30T15:16:27","modified_gmt":"2024-12-30T11:46:27","slug":"basic-pu-chemie","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/educational\/basic-pu-chemie\/","title":{"rendered":"Basic pu chemie"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"15442\" class=\"elementor elementor-15442\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61edf14 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"61edf14\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7191e04 content-table elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"7191e04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h2&quot;,&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;container&quot;:&quot;.table-contents&quot;,&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:[],&quot;marker_view&quot;:&quot;numbers&quot;,&quot;no_headings_message&quot;:&quot;No headings were found on this page.&quot;,&quot;minimize_box&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;minimized_on&quot;:&quot;tablet&quot;,&quot;hierarchical_view&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;min_height&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;min_height_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"table-of-contents.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of contents\t\t\t<\/h6>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7191e04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__7191e04\" aria-expanded=\"true\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-toc__7191e04\" class=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62d24ad  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"62d24ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a6889dc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a6889dc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The basic chemistry of flexible polyurethane foams is not difficult to grasp. It is the reaction of an alcohol or OH group with an isocyanate or NCO group. The alcohol is normally polyfunctional, ranging from 2\u20138 OH groups, which are referred to as polyols. As the number of OH groups increases, the foam structure becomes more rigid. Polyols are classified as polyether or polyester, based on the starter (initiator) materials used in their manufacture. The initiator is reacted with propylene oxide, ethylene oxide, or a combination of the two. The choice of which initiator and oxide to use depends on the foam characteristics desired. A variety of polyols are available to tailor the foam characteristics. The usual isocyanates for foam are toluene diisocyanate (TDI) and diphenylmethane diisocyanate (MDI). Various forms are available, again tailored to specific applications.<\/p>\n<p>The foaming operation is complex because three basic reactions are occurring concurrently and at different rates. These reactions are chain extension, gas formation, and cross-linking.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>CHAIN EXTENSION<\/h2>\n<p>The primary reaction is that of the isocyanate group of the alcohol to give a urethane linkage:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2433c86 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"2433c86\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8a08de9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"8a08de9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"588\" height=\"119\" src=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15446\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie1.png 588w, https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie1-300x61.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 588px) 100vw, 588px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9639d5  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"b9639d5\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b019247 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b019247\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The urethane further reacts with additional isocyanate to yield an allophanate:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-264a792 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"264a792\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a63d69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9a63d69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"613\" height=\"252\" src=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15447\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie2.png 613w, https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie2-300x123.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 613px) 100vw, 613px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85976ad  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"85976ad\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86a015b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86a015b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Isocyanate Urethane Allophanate The primary catalysts used for this reaction are organotin compounds; however, in very reactive systems, no catalyst may be required.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>GAS FORMATION<\/p>\n<p>Gas formation involves the reaction of the isocyanate with water to form an aromatic amine compound plus carbon dioxide in a twostep reaction. This carbon dioxide causes the cell formation and foaming. Until recently, the use of water in formulations for rigid foam other than in minor quantities was a major differentiating factor between flexible and rigid foams. A class of flexible foams known as integral skin foams was also formulated without water. Rigid and flexible integral skin foams were produced by adding auxiliary blowing agents to the reacting mixture. Initially, the primary blowing agents were chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), specifically CFC-11 and CFC-12. CFC-11, or methylene chloride, was also used in flexible foams to manufacture lower-density and\/or softer foams than were obtainable with water blowing alone. With the discovery that chlorinated compounds, such as CFCs and methylene chloride, destroyed the earth\u2019s ozone layer, alternative materials were developed. These include completely chlorine-free hydrofluorocarbon compounds (HFCs), cyclopentane, and acetone. The alternatives have required modifications in processing equipment so they are used safely and efficiently. New formulation techniques also allow production of both rigid and flexible integral skin foams with water as the only blowing agent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c708ffd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"c708ffd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e696aa8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"e696aa8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"654\" height=\"317\" src=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15448\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie3.png 654w, https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie3-300x145.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 654px) 100vw, 654px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-418e177  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"418e177\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e4bd01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0e4bd01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The catalysts for this reaction are primarily tertiary amines; however, some metal oxides have also been found effective. To stabilize the foaming mixture, silicone or other specialty surfactants are used.<\/p>\n<p>\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>CROSS-LINKING<\/p>\n<p>The amine that is generated in the gas formation reaction reacts with more isocyanate to form a disubstituted urea, which cross-links the urethane polymer:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e8ba19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"7e8ba19\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96a40b4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"96a40b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"687\" height=\"144\" src=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie4.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15449\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie4.png 687w, https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie4-300x63.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 687px) 100vw, 687px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a83ae66  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"a83ae66\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83ca260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"83ca260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Some of the disubstituted urea then reacts further with isocyanate to form highly cross-linked biuret structures:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-368b568 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"368b568\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64ea3a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f64ea3a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"701\" height=\"247\" src=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie5.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-15450\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie5.png 701w, https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2024\/09\/puchemie5-300x106.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 701px) 100vw, 701px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da2b207  table-contents e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"da2b207\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e156c9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e156c9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In addition to the previously mentioned components, foam formulations may contain one or a combination of additives to give specific properties to the foam products. Among these additives are those used to modify the burning characteristics of the foams: pigments; bacteriostats; inorganic fillers, such as glass fiber, silica, and barium sulfate; organic fillers, such as melamine and phosphate ester plasticizers; antistatic agents; UV stabilizers; cell openers; and internal mold release agents.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Polyurethane and epoxy coatings both protect surfaces, but differ in properties. Polyurethane cures faster, offers flexibility, UV protection, and is ideal for high-traffic areas and marine use. Epoxy is more chemical-resistant, making it suitable for harsh environments. Polyurethane is more elastic, while epoxy is stiffer and more durable against chemicals.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":15444,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[87,62],"class_list":["post-15442","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-educational","tag-catalyst","tag-solvent"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Basic pu chemie - Imenpol blog<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Imenpol blog\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/imenpol.com\/blog\/en\/educational\/basic-pu-chemie\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Basic pu chemie - 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